While the first three of the 4M challenges outlined by CEC Rajiv Kumar — muscle, money, and model code of conduct violations — have been an issue in all previous elections, the fourth, misinformation, is an emerging one that has gained potency in the last few years with EC and GoI red-flagging it quite regularly. Misinformation is not just an electoral issue in Indian elections but across the many democracies going to polls this year.


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